By
.
It
shook the world. International organisations were involved. Ambassadors
of various countries discussed safety measures, Oprah Winfrey mobilised
more than 1.2 million people to protest and Human Right Watch was under
severe pressure to act.
It
was an exclusive story published by Daily Mirror on August 24, 2002
about the case of Amina Lawal, a 30-year-old woman from Kastina in
Northern Nigeria who was sentenced to death by stoning on August 19 of
the same year, by an Islamic court for adultery and conceiving a child
out of wedlock. She was to be taken, buried to the neck in the earth
and left to perish beneath a hail of rocks.
The
story was that of oppression by one gender upon another. Even though Ms
Lawal’s case was overturned, the issue of stoning to death still exist
in countries like Indonesia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia,
Sudan and Somalia.
Professor
Hauwa Ibrahim, the pro bono lawyer who handled Ms Lawal’s case ten
years ago, confirmed that this form of violence and injustice never
existed until 2000 when religious cleric feared for the effects of
globalisation on their women. She said: “Globalisation through
Nollywood, Hollywood and Bollywood was exposing women to nudity, so the
Sharia Law was introduced to protect women which ended up destroying
them and introducing a huge form of violence.”
Furthermore,
there are misconceptions surrounding the fact that stoning to death is
supported by the Holy Book of Qur’an. This is untrue. The only part of
the Qur’an that describes punishment for adultery or fornication is
Qur’an 24:2 which states that: “The [unmarried] woman or [unmarried] man
found guilty of sexual intercourse- lash each one of them with a
hundred lashes, and do not be taken by pity for them in the religion of
Allah and the Last Day. And let a group of the believers witness their
punishment.”
While
the law provides that women are stoned to death, the father of Ms
Lawal’s daughter was not prosecuted for lack of evidence. He was deemed
innocent by the court without any DNA tests. However, the punishment
for men in the Sharia Law is based on three proofs. One is confession,
the second is pregnancy and the third is that four witnesses must see
the sexual act before a man can be convicted. How possible is that?
Professor
Ibrahim confirmed that the law is in the book but the judges in Nigeria
no longer pass judgement of stoning. One obvious reason is the
international interest which Ms Lawal’s case attracted and the other is
the notion that corruption has crept into the system. Judges in Northern
Nigeria whose children get pregnant fly them abroad to avoid conviction
and open disgrace. The Professor of Harvard University also said she is
working with Nigerian lawyers and other countries especially in
Pakistan, Palestine and Iraq to see that the law is abrogated.
Ms
Lawal who lived in a tiny room made with mud and a thatched roof in
2002 was arrested in her home. She could neither read nor write. She
didn’t understand the law. Her first marriage was at the age of 14. She
had five children after which she became divorced. Two years later, she
had a daughter for another man who had promised to marry her but denied
her in court.
Her
case is a typical example of religious violence existing in developing
countries. Women worldwide face different forms of injustice. They are
vulnerable to abuse, domestic violence and rape. In Northern Nigeria
where Ms Lawal comes from, when a boy is born, friends and relatives
exclaim congratulations! A son means insurance. He will inherit his
father’s property; get a good job to help support the family. When a
girl is born, the reaction is different. Some women weep when they find
out their baby is a girl. Her place is in a man’s house and when she is
between ages 12- 14 she is given out in marriage.
Some
of these women end up being used as machines to produce children.
Professor Ibrahim recollected a case she handled in January. It was a
case of a well known man [name withheld] in Nigeria who married his
first wife and for several years she couldn’t produce children. “So, he
had to marry a second wife. The second wife was more productive. In six
years of marriage they had five male children. When he knew he had what
he wanted, he started maltreating her and he decided to divorce her. We
couldn’t get the settlement out of court but now the case is before a
magistrate court.”
In
some countries, deliberate attempts are made to reduce the female
population. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimates that
around 5,000 Indian women are killed in dowry-related incidents each
year. The gender ratio across India has dropped to an unnatural low of
929 females to 1,000 males due to infanticides and sex related
abortions. Also, the Chinese government claims that sex-selective
abortion is one major explanation for the staggering number of Chinese
girls who have simply vanished from the population in the last 20 years.
UNICEF
in a press statement on violation of women rights in developing
countries said “A combination of extreme poverty and deep biases against
women create a remorseless cycle of discrimination that keeps girls in
developing countries from living up to their full potential. It also
leaves them vulnerable to severe physical and emotional abuse.”
Injustice
against women is a devastating reality. UNICEF continued: “It results
in millions of individual tragedies, which add up to lost potential for
countries. Studies show there is a direct link between a country’s
attitude towards women and its progress socially and economically. The
status of women is central to the health of a society.”
Professor
Ibrahim recollected that Ms Lawal’s case officially ended in 2003. By
2004, she was remarried and again faced maltreatment from her husband.
He beat her up and when she was six months pregnant, he divorced her.
Ms
Lawal, alone again with a child kicking inside of her struggled through
life until she had the baby who she named Miriam. In 2010, she
remarried again but this time Mrs Ibrahim says; “I can’t tell if she is
happily married or not.”
While
the Human Right Watch and Amnesty International claim they have grip of
violence against women around the world, Senior Researcher on gender in
Open University Oxford, Dr. Tina Wallace said nobody has the true data
of how much domestic violence, religious violence or discrimination
women endure. She said: “I don’t think anybody has that kind of data.
Who are these women going to tell? Who knows what goes on behind closed
doors? I don’t think there is a significant difference between
religious and domestic violence against women because a lot of domestic
violence are based on religious understanding of men being superior to
women and women owing men allegiance. You can’t separate religion from
domestic violence.”
Dr
Wallace, whose research is mainly on women in Africa, added that:
“These are really difficult issues that go to the heart of marriages,
their culture and the way they have been brought up. Even here in the
UK, it is a very difficult subject to tackle; we have loads of homes
with domestic violence a lot of which is not known.”
However,
Sarah Haynes, grassroots campaigns officer, Women for Women
International; said they work extensively with women to address violence
when it is reported. She said: “We are helping women deal with the
trauma in African continent especially in Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan and
Nigeria where gender crisis is ongoing. These women are sponsored for
one year to equip them with the skills to contribute to the society
without bearing hangovers from their past hurt.”
Head
of Centre for Gender and Violence Research Bristol University,
Professor Marianne Hester says gender injustice has increased in various
dimensions. She said this increase has a link to decreasing services in
the most countries.
In
her view, the injustice melted on women especially in developing
countries would tremendously reduce “if men begin to address their
violent behaviour and also there should be a measure to call for
equalising of gender.”
Researcher
and director of Tilda Goldberg Centre for Social Work and Social Care,
University of Bedfordshire, Dr Sarah Galvani said: “It is totally
unacceptable to abuse women in any way because it perpetuates the
subjugation of women and convey messages to young and old that women are
not men’s equals and deserve to be treated as lesser beings.”
To
reduce or eradicate this form of injustice, she said: “a start would be
to introduce and enforce laws that suitably punish those that abuse
women. More so, services and support for women in need of protection
should be intensified.”
Mrs
Oby Okonkwo, Nigerian gender activist and a lawyer for about 30 years
said progress has been made through organisations like International
Federation of Women Lawyer (FIDA) and Women's Rights Advancement and
Protection Alternative (WRAPA) in Northern areas to educate them of
their rights as women.
She
however lamented that most “women are scared of speaking out as a
result of the stigma they could face after bringing their problem to
public eye.”
As
for Ms Lawal, who represents the voiceless, poor, powerless uneducated
woman, 10 years on, she is still struggling to endure life.
Professor
Ibrahim who also escaped marriage at the age of 12 but ‘accidentally’
became educated said “Education is the tool that can help break the
pattern of gender injustice and bring lasting change for women in
developing countries.”
UNICEF 2011 report says, nine million girls than boys miss out of school every year.
Chinonye is currently studying for an MA in International Journalism at Cardiff University, U.K
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